Dénominations

• Nom botanique :

  Ficus sur Forssk.
  
  

• Synonymes

  :
  
  Ficus capensis Thunb, Ficus riparia (Miq.) A. Rich, Ficus mallotocarpa Warb, Sycomoris capensis (Thunb.) Miq, Ficus lichtensteinii Link
  
  

• Noms anglais et locaux

  :
  
  Cape fig, Brown cluster fig, Broom cluster fig ;
  
  

Classification

• classique :
  
  
  • Règne : Plantae ;
  • Sous-règne : Tracheobionta ;
  • Division : Magnoliophyta ;
  • Classe : Magnoliopsida ;
  • Sous-classe : Rosidae ;
  • Ordre : Rosales ;
  • Famille : Moraceae ;
  • Genre : Ficus ;
  
  
  
• phylogénétique :
  
  
  • Clade 4 : Angiospermes ;
  • Clade 3 : Dicotylédones vraies ;
  • Clade 2 : Rosidées ;
  • Clade 1 : Fabidées ;
  • Ordre APN: Rosales ;
  • Famille APN : Moraceae ;
  
  
  
  
  Arbre phylogénétique des plantes, montrant les principaux clades et les groupes traditionnels.
  
  Les groupes monophylétiques sont en noir et les paraphylétiques sont en bleu.
  
  
  Par Maulucioni (travail personnel), CC BY-SA 4.0,
  via Wikimedia Commons
  
  
• 

Description et culture

• dont infos de "FOOD PLANTS INTERNATIONAL" :
  
  

  • Description

    :
    
    Une figue. Cet arbre varie en forme. Il peut s'agir d'un petit arbre atteignant 6 m de haut dans les endroits secs ou d'un grand arbre étalé atteignant 12 à 24 m de haut en forêt. Il perd normalement ses feuilles pendant une courte période. L'écorce est lisse et gris brunâtre. Il a un tronc épais et des racines étalées peu profondes. Les feuilles sont alternes et coriaces. Ils sont ovales avec une pointe pointue. Les feuilles mesurent 10 cm de long sur 3 cm de large. Ils peuvent mesurer 23 cm de long sur 13 cm de large. Ils sont rouges lorsqu'ils sont jeunes et deviennent verts à maturité. Ils sont lisses et parfois légèrement poilus en dessous. Les tiges des feuilles sont longues et avec un sillon sur la face supérieure. Les brindilles et les feuilles ont un jus laiteux. Il n'y a que quelques petites fleurs mâles près de l'ouverture de la figue et de nombreuses fleurs femelles. La figue est pollinisée par une petite guêpe. Les figues sont à peu près rondes et mesurent environ 2 à 4 cm de diamètre. Ils ont une ouverture proéminente à la fin. Ils sont jaune rougeâtre à maturité. Ils pendent du tronc et des vieilles branches principales. La pulpe est douce. De nombreuses figues forment un long bouquet^{{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique)}.
    
    Original : A fig. This tree varies in form. It can be a small tree up to 6 m tall in dry places or a large spreading tree up to 12-24 m tall in forest. It normally loses its leaves for a short period. The bark is smooth and brownish grey. It has a thick trunk and shallow spreading roots. The leaves are alternate and leathery. They are oval with a pointed tip. The leaves are 10 cm long by 3 cm wide. They can be 23 cm long by 13 cm wide. They are red when young becoming green when mature. They are smooth and sometimes slightly hairy underneath. The leaf stalks are long and with a furrow on the upper surface. Twigs and leaves have milky juice. There are only a few small male flower near the opening of the fig and many female flowers. The fig is pollinated by a small wasp. The figs are roughly round and about 2-4 cm across. They have a prominent opening at the end. They are reddish-yellow when ripe. They hang from the trunk and old main branches. The pulp is sweet. Many figs form one long bunch^{{{0(+x).
    
    

  • Production

    :
    
    Les arbres poussent rapidement. Les fruits sont généralement récoltés à la fin de la saison des pluies. Ils sont récoltés en grimpant aux arbres. Un fruit pèse environ 12 g^{{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique)}.
    
    Original : Trees are quick growing. Fruit are usually collected at the end of the rainy season. They are harvested by climbing the trees. A fruit weighs about 12 g^{{{0(+x).
    
    

  • Culture

    :
    
    Les plantes poussent normalement naturellement à partir de graines. Les graines sont très fines. Ils peuvent être cultivés à partir de boutures. Les boutures de tige peuvent être traitées avec l'hormone d'enracinement. Il peut être réduit et repoussera. Les guêpes pollinisatrices sont Ceratosolen capensis, Ceratosolen flabellatus et Ceratosolen silvestrianus^{{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique)}.
    
    Original : Plants normally grow naturally from seed. The seeds are very fine. They can be grown from cuttings. Stem cuttings can be treated with rooting hormone. It can be cut back and will re-grow. The pollinator wasps are Ceratosolen capensis, Ceratosolen flabellatus and Ceratosolen silvestrianus^{{{0(+x).
    
    

Consommation

Parties comestibles

Détails

Partie testée

Risques et précautions à prendre

Autres infos

• Statut

  :
  
  Les fruits sont surtout consommés par les enfants. C'est un aliment couramment utilisé en Afrique de l'Ouest^{{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique)}.
  
  Original : The fruit are eaten especially by children. It is a commonly used food in West Africa^{{{0(+x).
  
  

• Distribution

  :
  
  Une plante tropicale. Il se produit du niveau de la mer jusqu'à 1600 m d'altitude. Elle peut atteindre 2100 m. Il se produit dans les zones où les précipitations sont de 700 à 1200 mm. Il pousse au Sahel. Il pousse dans les sols humides. Il pousse généralement près des ruisseaux. Il ne supporte pas le froid. Il peut être cultivé au soleil mais est préférable à l'ombre. Il peut pousser dans des endroits arides. Il pousse dans la forêt de Miombo en Afrique. Il convient aux zones de rusticité 10-12^{{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique)}.
  
  Original : A tropical plant. It occurs from sea level to 1600 m altitude. It can be up to 2,100 m. It occurs in areas where the rainfall is 700-1200 mm. It grows in the Sahel. It grows in wet soils. It usually grows near streams. It cannot tolerate cold. It can be grown in sun but is best in shade. It can grow in arid places. It grows in Miombo woodland in Africa. It suits hardiness zones 10-12^{{{0(+x).
  
  

• Localisation

  :
  
  Africa, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central Africa, Central African Republic, CAR, Congo DR, Côte d'Ivoire, Cuba, East Africa, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinée, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sahel, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Southern Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, West Africa, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe^{{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique)}.
  
  Original : Africa, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central Africa, Central African Republic, CAR, Congo DR, Côte d'Ivoire, Cuba, East Africa, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinée, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sahel, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Southern Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, West Africa, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe^{{{0(+x).
  
  

• Notes

  :
  
  Il existe environ 800-1000 espèces de Ficus. Ils sont principalement sous les tropiques. Il existe 120 espèces de Ficus en Amérique tropicale^{{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique)}.
  
  Original : There are about 800-1000 Ficus species. They are mostly in the tropics. There are 120 Ficus species in tropical America^{{{0(+x).
  
  

Liens, sources et/ou références

• Sources et/ou références :

  
  
  dont livres et bases de données : 0"Food Plants International" (en anglais) ;
  
  dont biographie/références de "FOOD PLANTS INTERNATIONAL" :
  
  Abbiw, D.K., 1990, Useful Plants of Ghana. West African uses of wild and cultivated plants. Intermediate Technology Publications and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. p 47 (As Ficus capensis) ; Achigan-Dako, E, et al (Eds), 2009, Catalogue of Traditional Vegetables in Benin. International Foundation for Science. ; Acipa, A. et al, 2013, Nutritional Profile of some Selected Food Plants of Otwal and Ngai Counties, Oyam District, Northern Uganda. African Journal or Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. 13(2) ; Addis, G., et al, 2005, Ethnobotanical Study of Edible Wild Plants in Some Selected Districts of Ethiopia. Human Ecology, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 83-118 ; Addis, G., Asfaw, Z & Woldu, Z., 2013, Ethnobotany of Wild and Semi-wild Edible Plants of Konso Ethnic Community, South Ethiopia. Ethnobotany Research and Applications. 11:121-141 ; Addis, G., et al, 2013, The Role of Wild and Semi-wild Edible Plants in Household Food Sovereignty in Hamer and Konso Communities, South Ethiopia. Ethnobotany Research & Applications. 11:251-271 ; Agbahoungba, S., et al, 2016, Ecological diversity and conservation of wild edible fruit trees species in the Lama Forest Reserve in Benin. Bois et Forets des Tropiques 2016, No. 329(3) (As Ficus capensis) ; Agea, J. G., et al 2011, Wild and Semi-wild Food Plants of Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom of Uganda: etc. Environmental Research Journal 5(2) 74-86 ; Alyegba, S. S. et al, 2013, Ethnobotanical Survey of Edible Wild Plants in Tiv Communities of Benue State, Nigeria. Journal of Natural Sciences Research. Vol.3, No.7 ; Ambe, G., 2001, Les fruits sauvages comestibles des savanes guinéennes de Côte-dâ'Ivoire : état de la connaissance par une population locale, les Malinké. Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ. 5(1), 43-48 (As Ficus capensis) ; Ashagre, M., et al, 2016, Ethnobotanical study of wild edible plants in Burji District, Segan Area Zone of Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR), Ethiopia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:32 ; Batawila, K., et al, 2007, Diversite et gestion des legumes de cueillete au Togo. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 7( 3& 4): 66 ; Belem, B., et al, 2007, Use of Non Wood Forest Products by local people bordering the “Parc National Kaboré Tambi”, Burkina Faso. The Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies vol. 6, no. 1 p 9 ; Berihun, T. & Molla, E., 2017, Study on the Diversity and Use of Wild Edible Plants in Bullen District Northwest Ethiopia. Hindawi Journal of Botany. Article ID 8383468 ; Boedecker, J., et al, 2014, Dietary contribution of Wild Edible Plants to womenâ's diets in the buffer zone around the Lama forest, Benin – an underutilized potential. Food Sec. 6:833–849 ; Bonou, A., et al, 2013, Valeur economique des Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux (PFNL) au Benin. Editions Universitaires Europeennes p 95 ; Bunderson, W. T. et al, 2002, Common Agroforestry Species in Malawi. Malawi Agroforestry Extension Project, Pubication No. 46, Lilongwe. p 39 (As Ficus capensis) ; Burkill, H. M., 1985, The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vol. 4. Kew. ; Bussman, R. W., et al, 2011, Plant Use in Odo-Bulu and Demaro, Bale region, Ethiopia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2011, 7:28 ; Catarino, L., et al, 2016, Ecological data in support of an analysis of Guinea-Bissau's medicinal flora. Data in Brief 7 (2016):1078-1097 ; Codjia, J. T. C., et al, 2003, Diversity and local valorisation of vegetal edible products in Benin. Cahiers Agricultures 12:1-12 (As Ficus capensis) ; Cunningham, A. B., 1996, People, park and plant use. Division of Ecological Sciences, UNESCO. p 55 ; Dale, I. R. and Greenway, P. J., 1961, Kenya Trees and Shrubs. Nairobi. p 315 (As Ficus capensis) ; Dalziel, J. M., 1937, The Useful plants of west tropical Africa. Crown Agents for the Colonies London. ; Dharani, N., 2002, Field Guide to common Trees & Shrubs of East Africa. Struik. p 111 ; Djihounouck, Y., et al, 2018, Diversité Et Importance Socio-Economique Des Espèces Fruitières Sauvages Comestibles En Zone Kasa (Sud-Ouest Du Sénégal). European Scientific Journal December 2018 edition Vol.14, No.36 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (As Ficus capensis) ; Drummond, R. B., 1981, Common Trees of the Central Watershed Woodlands of Zimbabwe, National Herbarium Salisbury. p 17 (As Ficus capensis) ; Etherington, K., & Imwold, D., (Eds), 2001, Botanica's Trees & Shrubs. The illustrated A-Z of over 8500 trees and shrubs. Random House, Australia. p 329 ; Facciola, S., 1998, Cornucopia 2: a Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, p 155 (As Ficus capensis) ; FAO, 1988, Traditional Food Plants, FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 42. FAO Rome p 285 ; Fl. aegypt.-arab. cxxiv, 180. 1775 ; Food Composition Tables for use in Africa FAO http://www.fao.org/infoods/directory No. 916 (As Ficus capensis) ; Fowler, D. G., 2007, Zambian Plants: Their Vernacular Names and Uses. Kew. p 49 ; Fox, F. W. & Young, M. E. N., 1982, Food from the Veld. Delta Books. p 268 (As Ficus capensis) ; Gallagher, D. E., 2010, Farming beyond the escarpment: Society, Environment, and Mobility in Precolonial Southeastern Burkina Faso. PhD University of Michigan. ; Godfrey, J. et al, 2013, Harvesting, preparationand preservation of commonly consumed wild and semi-wild food plants in Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom, Uganda. Int. J. Med. Arom. Plants. Vol.3 No.2 pp 262-282 ; Goode, P., 1989, Edible Plants of Uganda. FAO p 37 (As Ficus capensis) ; Grivetti, L. E., 1980, Agricultural development: present and potential role of edible wild plants. Part 2: Sub-Saharan Africa, Report to the Department of State Agency for International Development. p 43 (As Ficus capensis) ; Grubben, G. J. H. and Denton, O. A. (eds), 2004, Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands. p 562 ; Gueye, M., et al, 2014, Wild Fruits Traditionally Gathered by the Malinke Ethnic Group in the Edge of Niokolo Koba Park (Senegal). American Journal of Plant Sciences 5, 1306-1317 ; Hedrick, U.P., 1919, (Ed.), Sturtevant's edible plants of the world. p 309 and p 307 (As Ficus brassii) ; Ibrahim, H. A., et al, 2012, Ethnobotanical Survey of the Wild Edible Food Plants Consumption among Local Communities in Kano State, North-Western, Nigeria, International Journal of Science and Technology. Vol. 2. No. 10 p 716 ; Jardin, C., 1970, List of Foods Used In Africa, FAO Nutrition Information Document Series No 2.p 78, 136 (As Ficus capensis) ; Johns, T., and Kokwaro, J.O., 1991, Food Plants of the Luo of Siayo District, Kenya. Economic Botany 45(1), pp 103-113 (As Ficus capensis) ; Katende, A.B., Birnie, A & Tengnas B., 1995, Useful Trees and Shrubs for Uganda. Identification, Propagation and Management for Agricultural and Pastoral Communities. Technical handbook No 10. Regional Soil Conservation Unit, Nairobi, Kenya. p 322 ; Kebebew, M. & Leta, G., 2016, Wild Edible Plant Bio-diversity and Utilization System in Nech Sar National Park, Ethiopia. International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 2016, 7(4):885-896 ; Kidane, B., et al, 2014, Ethnobotany of Wild and Semi-wild Edible Fruit Species used by Maale and Ari Ethnic Communities in South Ethiopia. Ethnobotany Research and Applications. Vol. 12, 1546-3465-12-455 ; Le Houerou, H. N., (Ed.), 1980, Browse in Africa. The current state of knowledge. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Ethiopia. p 163 (As Ficus capensis) ; Long, C., 2005, Swaziland's Flora - siSwati names and Uses http://www.sntc.org.sz/flora/ ; Lovett, J. C. et al, Field Guide to the Moist Forest Trees of Tanzania. p 109 ; Lulekal, E., et al, 2011, Wild edible plants in Ethiopia: a review on their potential to combat food insecurity. Afrika Focus - Vol. 24, No 2. pp 71-121 ; Lumbile, A.U. & Mogotsi, K.K., 2008. Ficus sur Forssk. [Internet] Record from Protabase. Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa), Wageningen, Netherlands. < http://database.prota.org/search.htm>. Accessed 16 October 2009. ; Maroyi, A., 2011, The Gathering and Consumption of Wild Edible Plants in Nhema Communal Area, Midlands Province, Zimbabwe. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 50:6, 506-525 ; Martin, F.W. & Ruberte, R.M., 1979, Edible Leaves of the Tropics. Antillian College Press, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. p 206 (As Ficus capensis) ; Maydell, H. von, 1990, Trees and shrubs of the Sahel: their characteristics and uses. Margraf. p 271 (As Ficus capensis) ; Mengistu, F. & Hager, H., 2008, Wild Edible Fruit Species Cultural Domain, Informant Species Competence and Preference in Three Districts of Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Ethnobotany Research & Applications 6:487-502 ; Miguel, E., et al, 1989, A checklist of the cultivated plants of Cuba. Kulturpflanze 37. 1989, 211-357 (As Ficus capensis) ; MORTIMORE, (As Ficus capensis) ; Msola, D. K., 2007, The role of Wild Foods in Household Income and Food Security in Mufundi District, Tanzania. Morogoro, Tanzania. p 44 ; N'Danikou, S. et al, 2010, Eliciting Local Values of Wild Edible Plants in Southern Bénin to Identify Priority Species for Conservation. Economic Botany, 20(10), 2011, pp. 1–15. ; Ojelel, S. & Kakudidi, E. K., 2015, Wild edible plant species utilized by a subsistence farming community in the Obalanga sub-county, Amuria district, Uganda. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 11:7 ; Oryema, C., et al, 2013, Edible wild fruit species of Gulu District, Uganda. International Journal of Biology and Biological Sciences Vol 2(4) pp 068-082 ; Palgrave, K.C., 1996, Trees of Southern Africa. Struik Publishers. p 105 (As Ficus capensis) ; Palmer, E and Pitman, N., 1972, Trees of Southern Africa. Vol. 1. A.A. Balkema, Cape Town p 447 (As Ficus capensis) ; Peters, C. R., O'Brien, E. M., and Drummond, R.B., 1992, Edible Wild plants of Sub-saharan Africa. Kew. p 151 ; Plowes, N. J. & Taylor, F. W., 1997, The Processing of Indigenous Fruits and other Wildfoods of Southern Africa. in Smartt, L. & Haq. (Eds) Domestication, Production and Utilization of New Crops. ICUC p 191 (As Ficus capensis) ; Regassa, T., et al, 2014, Ethnobotany of Wild and Semi-Wild Edible Plants of Chelia District, West-Central Ethiopia. Science, Technology and Arts Research Journal. 3(4): 122-134 ; RILEY & BROKENSHA, (As Ficus capensis) ; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (1999). Survey of Economic Plants for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (SEPASAL) database. Published on the Internet; http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/ceb/sepasal/internet [Accessed 4th May 2011] ; Ruffo, C. K., Birnie, A. & Tengnas, B., 2002, Edible Wild Plants of Tanzania. RELMA p 324 ; Schmidt, E., Lotter, M., & McCleland, W., 2007, Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park. Jacana Media p 82 ; Segnon, A. C. & Achigan-Dako, E. G., 2014, Comparative analysis of diversity and utilization of edible plants in arid and semi-arid areas in Benin. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2014, 10:80 ; Shava, S., 2000, The Use of Indigenous Plants as Food by a Rural Community in the Eastern Cape: an Educational Exploration. Masters Thesis Rhodes University. p 65 (As Ficus capensis) ; Shumsky, S., et al, 2014, Institutional factors affecting wild edible plant (WEP) harvest and consumption in semi-arid Kenya. Land Use Policy 38(2014) 48-69 ; Sina, B. & Degu, H. D., 2015, Knowledge and use of Wild Edible Plants in the Hula District of the Sidama Zone. International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 6(3):352-365 ; Tebkew, M., et al, 2018, Uses of wild edible plants in Quara district, northwest Ethiopia: implication for forest management. Agriculture and Food Security (2018) 7:12 ; Terashima, H., et al, 1992, Ethnobotany of the Lega in the Tropical Rainforest of Eastern Zaire (Congo): Part Two, Zone de Walikale, African Study Monographs, Suppl. 19:1-60 (As Ficus capensis) ; Terra, G.J.A., 1973, Tropical Vegetables. Communication 54e Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, p 46 (As Ficus capensis) ; Tredgold, M.H., 1986, Food Plants of Zimbabwe. Mambo Press. p 100 ; van Wyk, Be., & Gericke, N., 2007, People's plants. A Guide to Useful Plants of Southern Africa. Briza. p 42 ; van Wyk, B, van Wyk, P, and van Wyk B., 2000, Photographic guide to Trees of Southern Africa. Briza. p 157 ; Van Wyk, Br. and van Wyk P., 2009, Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa. Struik Nature. p 80 ; van Wyk, B-E., 2011, The potential of South African plants in the development of new food and beverage products. South African Journal of Botany 77 (2011) 857–868 ; Venter, F & J., 2009, Making the most of Indigenous Trees. Briza. p 170 ; Vivien, J., & Faure, J.J., 1996, Fruitiers Sauvages d'Afrique. Especes du Cameroun. CTA p 219 ; von Katja Rembold, 2011, Conservation status of the vascular plants in East African rain forests. Dissertation Universitat Koblenz-Landau p 167 ; Wehmeyer, A. S, 1986, Edible Wild Plants of Southern Africa. Data on the Nutrient Contents of over 300 species ; White, F., Dowsett-Lemaire, F. and Chapman, J. D., 2001, Evergreen Forest Flora of Malawi. Kew. p 389 ; Williamson, J., 2005, Useful Plants of Malawi. 3rd. Edition. Mdadzi Book Trust. p 117 (As Ficus capensis) ; Wilson, A. L. & Downs, C. T., 2012, Fruit nutritional composition and non-nutritive traits of indigenous South African tree species. South African Journal of Botany. 78:30-36 ; www.figweb.org
  
  

• Recherche de/pour :

  
  
  
  • "Ficus sur" sur Google (pages et images) ; INPI (en anglais) ; TROPICOS (en anglais) ; Tela Botanica ; Pl@ntNet ; Pl@ntUse ;
    
  
  
  
  

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